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Project details
Title: | CAPRICORN: Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, Radiation, and Atmospheric Composition over the Southern Ocean |
Id: | 2441 |
Acronym: | CAPRICORN Project |
Investigator(s): | Alain Protat
Bureau of Meteorology [details] |
Description: | CAPRICORN Project. Scientific Objectives: Cloud-aerosol-precipitation processes over the Southern Ocean (SO) are one of the largest sources of uncertainties in future climate projections. The CAPRICORN proposal aims to advance our knowledge of the SO cloud systems, aerosol properties, surface energy budget, upper ocean biological aerosol production, and atmospheric composition, in order to improve the characterization of their physical properties from satellite platforms and global models. The cloud morphological, microphysical and thermodynamical properties and boundary layer structure are very poorly observed over the SO. Climate and numerical weather prediction models also poorly represent the cloud and precipitation fields over the Southern Ocean and, as a consequence, appear to poorly predict the energy balance. The objectives of this proposal are to (i) characterize the cloud, aerosol, and precipitation properties, boundary layer structure, biological production and cycling of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the upper ocean, atmospheric composition, and surface energy budget, as well as their latitudinal variability; (ii) evaluate and improve satellite estimations of these properties, and (iii) evaluate and improve the representation of these properties in the Australian ACCESS regional and global model. |
Years: | 2016 |
Publications
Conference abstract
- Ramadoss, Veeramanikandan ; Pfannkuch, Kevin ; Protat, Alain ; Huang, Yi ; Siems, Steven ; Possner, Anna (2021) An evaluation of kilometre scale ICON simulations of mixed-phase stratocumulus over the Southern Ocean during CAPRICORN . vEGU21, the 23rd EGU General Assembly, held online 19-30 April, 2021, id.EGU21-13110
10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13110
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
Dataset
- Bariteau, Ludovic; Fairall, Christopher; Blomquist, Byron; Pezoa, Sergio (2018). CAPRICORN 2016 Field campaign: surface meteorological data and turbulent fluxes collected from the RV Investigator by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the Indian and South Pacific Oceans from 2016-03-14 to 2016-04-15 (NCEI Accession 0170257). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5q81bbc. 10.7289/v5q81bbc
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- DeMott, P. (2021). SOCRATES and CAPRICORN-2 Single Particle INP Composition via STEM/EDS. Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. 10.26023/THHB-X79P-A006
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- DeMott, P., Moore, K. (2022) CAPRICORN R/V Investigator Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Spectrometer Measurements. Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. 10.26023/B328-6Q9P-E20B
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- DeMott, P., Moore, K. (2022). CAPRICORN R/V Investigator Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber Measurements. Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. 10.26023/K5NQ-P9AB-KH06
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- DeMott, P., Moore, K. 2022. CAPRICORN R/V Investigator Ice Spectrometer Measurements. Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. 10.26023/rtyy-ydbs-6w06
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Dunne, Erin; Humphries, Ruhi; Mynard, Caleb; McRobert, Ian; Harnwell, James; Cravigan, Luke; & Lawson, Sarah (CSIRO) (2024): CAPRICORN - Atmospheric VOC measurements from the RV Investigator voyage IN2016_V02. v1. CSIRO. Data Collection. 10.25919/574m-7e47
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- Humphries, Ruhi; McRobert, Ian; Ponsonby, Will; Ward, Jason; Keywood, Melita; Loh, Zoe; Krummel, Paul; Harnwell, James (2020): Exhaust identification data from IN2018_V01 (CAPRICORN2). v2. CSIRO. Data Collection. 10.25919/f8s8-cy20
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Humphries, Ruhi; McRobert, Ian; Ward, Jason; Harnwell, James; Keywood, Melita (2020): CAPRICORN2 - Atmospheric aerosol measurements from the RV Investigator voyage IN2018_V01. v3. CSIRO. Data Collection. 10.25919/2h1c-t753
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Mynard, Caleb; Humphries, Ruhi; Dunne, Erin; McRobert, Ian; Harnwell, James; Keywood, Melita; Selleck, Paul (2024): CAPRICORN2 - Updated ToF-ACSM measurements from the RV Investigator voyage IN2018_V01. v1. CSIRO. Data Collection. 10.25919/sj8y-rq10
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- NSF NCAR/EOL ISS Team. (2018). NCAR/EOL R/V Investigator ISS Ceilometer Data. Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. 10.5065/D6VH5MP5
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Protat, Alain; CSIRO; Marine National Facility (2020): RV Investigator BOM Atmospheric Data Overview (2016 onwards). v2. CSIRO. Data Collection. 10.25919/5f688fcc97166
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02 IN2018_V01 IN2016_V05
- UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory, Brown, W. (2018). NCAR/EOL R/V Investigator 915 MHz Radar Wind Profiler Products. Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. 10.5065/D6M61J3X
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. (2019). Multi-Network Composite 50 Meter Radiosonde Data [. Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. 10.26023/TTZT-5KBY-B114
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
Journal Article
- Alexander, S. P.,Protat, A. (2019) Vertical Profiling of Aerosols With a Combined Raman‐Elastic Backscatter Lidar in the Remote Southern Ocean Marine Boundary Layer (43–66°S, 132–150°E). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124 pp12107-12125. 10.1029/2019JD030628
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Bharti, Vidhi,Fairall, Christopher W.,Blomquist, Byron W.,Huang, Yi,Protat, Alain,Sullivan, Peter P.,Siems, Steven T.,Manton, Michael J. (2019) Air‐Sea Heat and Momentum Fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124 pp12426-12443. 10.1029/2018jd029761
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- Bharti, Vidhi,Schulz, Eric,Fairall, Christopher W.,Blomquist, Byron W.,Huang, Yi,Protat, Alain,Siems, Steven T.,Manton, Michael J. (2019) Assessing Surface Heat Flux Products with In Situ Observations over the Australian Sector of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36 pp1849-1861. 10.1175/jtech-d-19-0009.1
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- Duque, E. Montoya,Huang, Y.,May, P.T.,Siems, S.T. (2023) An evaluation of IMERG and ERA5 quantitative precipitation estimates over the Southern Ocean using shipborne observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology pp-. 10.1175/JAMC-D-23-0039.1
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V02 IN2018_V01 IN2017_V02 IN2017_V01 IN2016_V02 IN2016_V01
- Heintzenberg, J, Legrand, M, Gao, Y, Hara, K, Huang, S, Humphries, RS, Kamra, AK, Keywood, MD and Sakerin, SM. (2023). Spatio-Temporal Distributions of the Natural Non-Sea-Salt Aerosol Over the Southern Ocean and Coastal Antarctica and Its Potential Source Regions. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 75(1): 47–64. 10.16993/tellusb.1869
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Huang, Yi,Siems, Steven,Manton, Michael,Protat, Alain,Majewski, Leon,Nguyen, Hanh (2019) Evaluating Himawari-8 Cloud Products Using Shipborne and CALIPSO Observations: Cloud-Top Height and Cloud-Top Temperature. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36 pp2327-2347. 10.1175/jtech-d-18-0231.1
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- Humphries, Ruhi S.,Keywood, Melita D.,Ward, Jason P.,Harnwell, James,Alexander, Simon P.,Klekociuk, Andrew R.,Hara, Keiichiro,McRobert, Ian M.,Protat, Alain,Alroe, Joel,Cravigan, Luke T.,Miljevic, Branka,Ristovski, Zoran D.,Schofield, Robyn,Wilson, Stephen R.,Flynn, Connor J.,Kulkarni, Gourihar R.,Mace, Gerald G.,McFarquhar, Greg M.,Chambers, Scott D. (2023) Measurement report: Understanding the seasonal cycle of Southern Ocean aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23 pp3749-3777. 10.5194/acp-23-3749-2023
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2017_V01 IN2016_V03 IN2016_V02 IN2015_E01
- Klepp, C., Kucera, P.A., Burdanowitz, J., Protat, A. (2020). OceanRAIN – The Global Ocean Surface-Reference Dataset for Characterization, Validation and Evaluation of the Water Cycle. In: Levizzani, V., Kidd, C., Kirschbaum, D., Kummerow, C., Nakamura, K., Turk, F. (eds) Satellite Precipitation Measurement. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 69. Springer, Cham. 10.1007/978-3-030-35798-6_10
- data sourced from following voyages IN2017_V01 IN2016_V03 IN2016_V02 IN2016_V01
- Lang, F.,Huang, Y.,Protat, A.,Truong, S. C. H.,Siems, S. T.,Manton, M. J. (2021) Shallow Convection and Precipitation Over the Southern Ocean: A Case Study During the CAPRICORN 2016 Field Campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126 pp-. 10.1029/2020JD034088
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- Mace, G G., Protat, A. (2018) Clouds over the Southern Ocean as Observed from the R/V Investigator during CAPRICORN. Part II: The Properties of Nonprecipitating Stratocumulus. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 57, pp 1805-1823. 10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0195.1
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- Mace, Gerald G. (2024) Deriving cloud droplet number concentration from surface-based remote sensors with an emphasis on lidar measurements. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 17 pp3679-3695. 10.5194/amt-17-3679-2024
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Mace, Gerald G.,Benson, Sally,Sterner, Elizabeth,Protat, Alain,Humphries, Ruhi,Hallar, A. Gannet (2024) The Association Between Cloud Droplet Number over the Summer Southern Ocean and Air Mass History. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 129 pp-. 10.1029/2023jd040673
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Mace, Gerald G.,Protat, Alain (2018) Clouds over the Southern Ocean as Observed from the R/V Investigator during CAPRICORN. Part I: Cloud Occurrence and Phase Partitioning. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57 pp1783-1803. 10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0194.1
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- Mace, Gerald G.,Protat, Alain,Benson, Sally (2021) Mixed‐Phase Clouds Over the Southern Ocean as Observed From Satellite and Surface Based Lidar and Radar. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126 pp-. 10.1029/2021JD034569
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Mace, Gerald G.,Protat, Alain,Benson, Sally,McGlynn, Paul (2022) Inferring the Properties of Snow in Southern Ocean Shallow Convection and Frontal Systems using Dual Polarization C-Band Radar.. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology pp-. 10.1175/JAMC-D-22-0097.1
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Mace, Gerald G.,Protat, Alain,Humphries, Ruhi S.,Alexander, Simon P.,McRobert, Ian M.,Ward, Jason,Selleck, Paul,Keywood, Melita,McFarquhar, Greg M. (2021) Southern Ocean Cloud Properties Derived From CAPRICORN and MARCUS Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126 pp-. 10.1029/2020JD033368
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- McCluskey, CS, Hill, TCJ, Humphries, RS, Rauker, AM, Moreau, S , Strutton, PG , Chambers, SD, Williams, AG, McRobert, I, Ward, J, Keywood, MD, Harnwell, J, Ponsonby, W, Loh, ZM, Krummel, PB, Protat, A, Kreidenweis, SM and DeMott, P (2018). Observations of ice nucleating particles over Southern Ocean waters. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 11,989– 11,997. 10.1029/2018GL079981
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- McFarquhar, Greg M.,Bretherton, Christopher S.,Marchand, Roger,Protat, Alain,DeMott, Paul J.,Alexander, Simon P.,Roberts, Greg C.,Twohy, Cynthia H.,Toohey, Darin,Siems, Steve (2021) Observations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Surface Radiation over the Southern Ocean: An Overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE, and SOCRATES. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102 ppE894-E928. 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02 IN2018_V01
- Montoya Duque, E.,Huang, Y.,Siems, S. T.,May, P. T.,Protat, A.,McFarquhar, G. M. (2022) A Characterization of Clouds and Precipitation Over the Southern Ocean From Synoptic to Micro Scales During the CAPRICORN Field Campaigns. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 127 pp-. 10.1029/2022JD036796
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Moore, Kathryn A.,Alexander, Simon P.,Humphries, Ruhi S.,Jensen, Jorgen,Protat, Alain,Reeves, J. Michael,Sanchez, Kevin J.,Kreidenweis, Sonia M.,DeMott, Paul J. (2022) Estimation of Sea Spray Aerosol Surface Area Over the Southern Ocean Using Scattering Measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 127 pp-. 10.1029/2022JD037009
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Moore, Kathryn A.,Hill, Thomas C. J.,McCluskey, Christina S.,Twohy, Cynthia H.,Rainwater, Bryan,Toohey, Darin W.,Sanchez, Kevin J.,Kreidenweis, Sonia M.,DeMott, Paul J. (2024) Characterizing Ice Nucleating Particles Over the Southern Ocean Using Simultaneous Aircraft and Ship Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 129 pp-. 10.1029/2023jd039543
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Naud, C. M., J. F. Booth, K. Lamer, R. Marchand, A. Protat, G. M. McFarquhar, and A. Gettelman, 2020: On The Relationship Between The Marine Cold Air Outbreak M Parameter And Low Level Cloud Macrophysical Properties In The Midlatitudes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032465 10.1029/2020JD032465
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02 IN2018_V01
- Noh, Yoo‐Jeong,Miller, Steven D.,Heidinger, Andrew K.,Mace, Gerald G.,Protat, Alain,Alexander, Simon P. (2019) Satellite‐Based Detection of Daytime Supercooled Liquid‐Topped Mixed‐Phase Clouds Over the Southern Ocean Using the Advanced Himawari Imager. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124 pp2677-2701. 10.1029/2018jd029524
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Protat, A., Schulz, E., Rikus, L., Sun, Z., Xiao, Y., Keywood, M. (2017) Shipborne observations of the radiative effect of Southern Ocean clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, pp. 318-328. 10.1002/2016JD026061
- data sourced from following voyages IN2015_V01
- Ramadoss, Veeramanikandan,Pfannkuch, Kevin,Protat, Alain,Huang, Yi,Siems, Steven,Possner, Anna (2024) An Evaluation of Cloud‐Precipitation Structures in Mixed‐Phase Stratocumuli Over the Southern Ocean in Kilometer‐Scale ICON Simulations During CAPRICORN. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 129 pp-. 10.1029/2022JD038251
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
- Saliba, G.,Sanchez, K. J.,Russell, L. M.,Twohy, C. H.,Roberts, G. C.,Lewis, S.,Dedrick, J.,McCluskey, C. S.,Moore, K.,DeMott, P. J.,Toohey, D. W. (2021) Organic composition of three different size ranges of aerosol particles over the Southern Ocean. Aerosol Science and Technology 55 pp268-288. 10.1080/02786826.2020.1845296
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Sanchez, Kevin J.,Painemal, David,Brown, Matthew D.,Crosbie, Ewan C.,Gallo, Francesca,Hair, Johnathan W.,Hostetler, Chris A.,Jordan, Carolyn E.,Robinson, Claire E.,Scarino, Amy Jo,Shingler, Taylor J.,Shook, Michael A.,Thornhill, Kenneth L.,Wiggins, Elizabeth B.,Winstead, Edward L.,Ziemba, Luke D.,Chambers, Scott,Williams, Alastair,Humphries, Ruhi S,Keywood, Melita D. (2023) Multi-campaign ship and aircraft observations of marine cloud condensation nuclei and droplet concentrations. Scientific Data 10 pp-. 10.1038/s41597-023-02372-z
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Sanchez, Kevin J.,Roberts, Gregory C.,Saliba, Georges,Russell, Lynn M.,Twohy, Cynthia,Reeves, Michael J.,Humphries, Ruhi S.,Keywood, Melita D.,Ward, Jason P.,McRobert, Ian M. (2021) Measurement report: Cloud processes and the transport of biological emissions affect southern ocean particle and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21 pp3427-3446. 10.5194/acp-21-3427-2021
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Truong, S. C. H.,Huang, Y.,Lang, F.,Messmer, M.,Simmonds, I.,Siems, S. T.,Manton, M. J. (2020) A Climatology of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over the Southern Ocean From Four Field Campaigns During 2016–2018. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 125 pp-. 10.1029/2020jd033214
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Truong, S. C. H.,Siems, S. T.,May, P. T.,Huang, Y.,Vignon, É.,Gevorgyan, A. (2023) Characteristics and Variability of Precipitation Across Different Sectors of an Extra‐Tropical Cyclone: A Case Study Over the High‐Latitudes of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 128 pp-. 10.1029/2023jd039013
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
- Truong, Son C. H.,Huang, Yi,Siems, Steven T.,Manton, Michael J.,Lang, Francisco (2022) Biases in the thermodynamic structure over the Southern Ocean in ERA5 and their radiative implications. International Journal of Climatology 42 pp7685-7702. 10.1002/joc.7672
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2016_V02
- Uetake, Jun,Hill, Thomas C. J.,Moore, Kathryn A., DeMott, Paul J.,Protat, Alain, Kreidenweis, Sonia M. (2020) Airborne bacteria confirm the pristine nature of the Southern Ocean boundary layer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences pp202000134-. 10.1073/pnas.2000134117
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01 IN2017_V01 IN2016_V03
- Welti, André,Bigg, E. Keith,DeMott, Paul J.,Gong, Xianda,Hartmann, Markus,Harvey, Mike,Henning, Silvia,Herenz, Paul,Hill, Thomas C. J.,Hornblow, Blake,Leck, Caroline,Löffler, Mareike,McCluskey, Christina S.,Rauker, Anne Marie,Schmale, Julia,Tatzelt, Christian,van Pinxteren, Manuela,Stratmann, Frank (2020) Ship-based measurements of ice nuclei concentrations over the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20 pp15191-15206. 10.5194/acp-20-15191-2020
- data sourced from following voyages IN2016_V02
Preprint
- Mace, G.: (2023) Deriving cloud droplet number concentration from surface based remote sensors with an emphasis on lidar measurements, EGUsphere 10.5194/egusphere-2023-2606
- data sourced from following voyages IN2018_V01
Metadata.
Use [details] link to view survey details (map, reports, metadata etc) including links to download data.
- RV Investigator Ultrafine Aerosol Volatility and Hygroscopicity (VH-TDMA) - Selected Voyages (2016 onwards) [link]
List of surveys that this project was on. Click on column header to sort.
Use [details] link to view survey details (map, reports, metadata etc) including links to download data.
Survey | Investigator | Description |
---|---|---|
IN2018_V01 [details] |
Steve Rintoul (CSIRO O&A) | Detecting Southern Ocean change from repeat hydrography, deep Argo and trace element biogeochemistry (Chief Scientist: Dr Steve Rintoul, CSIRO) The Southern Ocean has a profound influence on regional and global climate, sea level rise, and biological productivity. The project aims to discover how and why the Southern Ocean is changing, and to identify the consequences of those changes for climate, sea level and marine life. The research will help deliver more reliable projections of future climate, from models that more faithfully represent critical Southern Ocean processes; such information is urgently needed to allow Australia to foresee and manage the risks and opportunities associated with climate change. CAPRICORN: clouds, aerosols, precipitation, radiation and atmospheric composition over the Southern Ocean (Lead Principal Investigator: Dr Alain Protat, BOM) Clouds over the Southern Ocean are one of the largest uncertainties in the prediction of the future climate of the Southern Hemisphere. This study will bridge an observational gap in this data-sparse, unique region of the World assisting in understanding why climate models poorly simulate the energy balance over the Southern Ocean and improving skill of weather forecast models to simulate frontal cloud systems. This will be achieved by analysing cloud, aerosol, and precipitation observations of frontal cloud systems and associated processes using dedicated radar, lidar, and radiosounding observations from the RV Investigator and satellite platforms. |
IN2016_V02 [details] |
Tom Trull (CSIRO, ACE-CRC) | RV Investigator research voyage in2016_v02. Titled SOTS: Southern Ocean Time Series automated moorings for climate and carbon cycle studies southwest of Tasmania. This voyage combines work from three projects. SOTS, CAPRICORN and Eddy Voyage objectives: SOTS The primary objective is to first deploy a reduced set (SAZ and FluxPulse) and then recover a full set of SOTS moorings (SOFS, Pulse, and SAZ). Additional work will obtain ancillary information on the atmospheric and oceanographic conditions using CTD casts, underway measurements, the Triaxus towed body, and autonomous profiling "Bio-Argo" floats. Each of the SOTS moorings delivers to specific aspects of the atmosphere-ocean exchanges, with some redundancy: * the SAZ sediment trap mooring focuses on quantifying the transfer of carbon and other nutrients to the ocean interior by sinking particles, and collecting samples to investigate their ecological controls * the Southern Ocean Flux Station (SOFS) focuses on air properties, ocean stratification, waves, and currents. * the Pulse biogeochemistry mooring focuses on processes important to biological CO2 consumption, including net community production from oxygen measurements and nitrate depletion, biomass concentrations from bio-optics and bio-acoustics, and collection of water samples for nutrient and plankton quantification. * the FluxPulse mooring combines some elements of Pulse onto the SOFS platform to create a combined mooring, which will be deployed for the first time in 2016. This combination meets financial constraints while still measuring almost all planned parameters CAPRICORN * The primary objective is to collect cloud, aerosol, precipitation, radiation and atmospheric composition measurements over the Southern Ocean over 30 days, and to capture the latitudinal variability of these properties from the latitude of Hobart down to 55-60S if time allows. The Investigator will be equipped with a state-of the art suite of instruments for that purpose (see list in voyage plan). * In order to address the "satellite validation" objectives, we need to locate the research vessel under the track of the CloudSat-CALIPSO instrument and within the larger swath of the NASA GPM and A-Train radars and radiometers. This will be achieved in coordination with the requirement to sample a mesoscale oceanic eddy using a dedicated pattern that will include satellite track following and mesoscale eddy sampling using radial transects, after the SOTS moorings are deployed and recovered. * In order to address the "ACCESS model validation" objectives, we need to sample the sub-grid scale variability of the atmospheric properties, therefore we will undertake some periods of intensive sampling of 12*12 km2 grids with small-scale lawnmower patterns, ensuring that the aerosol measurements are not perturbed by the ship exhaust. The timing and location of these grids will be determined during the voyage. Eddy * Deploy a suite of floats, two different models per eddy, to obtain profiles of temperature, salinity, velocity, oxygen, nitrate, pH and bio-optics near the eddy centre while we perform spatial surveys. * Measure the velocities and mixing in the two eddies. * Quantify the elemental fluxes associated with the eddy circulation, including nutrient transport and air-sea CO2 flux. * Measure the biological response to the circulation and nutrient transport, including primary productivity, trace metal biogeochemistry, new production and the respiration of downward carbon flux (using free-drifting sediment traps). Our combined ship-satellite-float observations will provide the most comprehensive view thus far of Southern Ocean eddies. Our work also contributes to emerging international programs in the Southern Ocean that are combining expanded autonomous observations with large scale modelling efforts. Full details are in the in2016_v02 voyage plan. |