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Ocean Forecasting Australia Model – version 3 OFAM3 PUBLICATIONS ● MODEL DESCRIPTION ● RESULTS For access to data from the latest OFAM3 spinup run see http://www.marine.csiro.au/ofam1/ Publications Oke, P. R., D. A. Griffin, A. Schiller, R. J.
Matear, R. Fiedler, J. Mansbridge, M. Cahill, M. A. Chamberlain, K. Ridgway,
2012: Analysis of the variability in a near-global eddy-resolving ocean
model, in preparation. Resolution OFAM3 is a
near-global (i.e., non-Arctic) eddy-resolving configuration of version 4p1d
of the Modular Ocean Model (Griffies et al. 2004),
developed principally for the purpose of hindcasting
and forecasting upper ocean conditions in non-polar regions when used in
conjunction with a data assimilation system. The model grid has 1/10o
grid spacing for all longitudes and between 75oS and 75oN
(~ 8-11 km x 11 km) and is comprised of 3600x1500 grid points. The vertical
model coordinate is z-star (Griffies et al. 2004),
with 51 vertical levels, with 5-m resolution down to 40-m depth, and 10-m
vertical resolution to 200-m depth. Topography The topography
for OFAM3 is derived from GEBCO_08 (www.bodc.ac.uk/data/online_delivery/gebco/) for most of the world, a 30 arc-second topography
released in 2008, and a 9 arc-second topography produced by Geoscience
Australia. The minimum number of vertical levels in the model is three, so
the minimum depth in the model is 15 m. Forcing OFAM3 is
forced with 1.5o-resolution, 3-hourly surface heat, freshwater,
and momentum fluxes from ERA-interim (Dee et al. 2009). The surface heat flux
is applied to the top model layer for components associated with the latent,
sensible and long-wave heat flux. The penetrating short-wave heat flux is
applied over multiple model-levels according to a single exponential decay
law, with penetration depths based on SeaWIFS
Kd-490. The model forcing also includes climatological, seasonal river flows
estimated by Dai and Trenberth (2002; and Dai et
al. (2009). River forcing is applied as a nudging term to salinity over the
top 3 model layers at coastal grid points that are close to each river
location, with a restoring time-scale of 180 days. Surface temperature is
relaxed to monthly-averaged Reynolds SST (Reynolds et al. 2007) with a
restoring time-scale of 10-days. The SST relaxation is applied as a surface
heat flux that depends on the difference between the modelled
and observed SST, and on the climatological mixed layer depth, with weaker
restoring over shallower mixed layers. Surface salinity is also restored to
climatological, monthly-averaged salinity from CARS (Ridgway and Dunn 2003)
with a restoring time-scale of 180 days. Although OFAM3 is not global, with
no Arctic Ocean, representation of the impact of variability in the Arctic is
included by restoring the temperature and salinity over all depths within 1
degree of the northern boundary to monthly averaged fields from version 2.1.6
of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA; Carton et al. 2000; Carton and
Giese 2008; accessed in October 2010) between 1993 and 2008, using a
restoring timescale of 30 days. After 2008, we restore to a seasonal
climatology based on SODA. Meridional velocities at
the northern and southern boundaries are zero, with a no-slip condition for
zonal velocities. To avoid any significant drift in the deep ocean fields,
the temperature and salinity are restored to climatology below 2000 m using a
seasonal climatology (Ridgway and Dunn 2003). This deep-ocean restoring is
applied with a restoring time-scale of 365 days. Numerics The time step
if 540 s for model tracers is 540 s, and 6 s for sea-level
and depth-integrated velocities. A staggered forward time-step is used for
tracers and velocity (Griffies 2004; section 12.6).
The model time-step is typically limited by vertical
velocities at about 200 m depth. A third-order Adams-Bashforth scheme is used for velocity advection, and a
third-order upwind biased scheme is used for tracers (Hundsdorfer
and Trompert 1994), in conjunction with a flux
limiter scheme (Sweby, 1984). A predictor-corrector
time-filter is also applied to sea-level using a non-dimensional damping parameter
of gamma=0.2, as recommended by Griffies (2004;
section 12.7) Mixing parameterisations OFAM3 uses
the hybrid mixed-layer model described by Chen et al. (1994). The background
vertical diffusivity and viscosity are 1x10-5 and 1x10-4 m2 s-1,
respectively. The enhanced vertical diffusivity and viscosity due to shear
instabilities are 2.5x10-3 and 5x10-3
m2 s-1, respectively. Additional vertical mixing
is applied to represent the mixing effects of tides according to Lee et al.
(2006). The Munk-Anderson-P and Munk-Anderson-Sigma
parameters for the Lee-scheme are 0.25 and 3.0, respectively. This additional
mixing is applied over the water column and depends on the amplitude of the
dominant tidal components. This results in stronger mixing in regions of
large-amplitude tides, such as the north-west of
Australia. Spatially resolved, but time invariant estimates of tidal
amplitudes are obtained from a global inverse model (Egbert et al. 1994). A convective
adjustment is applied for every time step using fully explicit mixing when
the water column becomes unstable. The explicit horizontal diffusion is zero.
Horizontal viscosity is resolution- and state-dependent
using a biharmonic Smagorinsky
viscosity scheme (Griffies and Hallberg
2000), with an isotropic parameter of 3.0 and an anisotropic parameter of
3.0. Volume Conservation OFAM3 is
configured to be volume-conserving. Thermal
expansion is therefore not included in the model. Initialisation and Integration The model was
initialised at rest, with zero sea-level,
and with potential temperature and salinity from a global version of the
CSIRO Atlas for Regional Seas (CARS, released in 2009; Ridgway and Dunn
2003). The model was spun-up for 13 years, spanning the period 1993-2005,
with realistic time-varying forcing, as described
above. After this initial spin-up, the model forcing was reset to 1993 with
the spun-up temperature, salinity, sea-level, and
velocity fields, and run for the period 1993-2011. Graphics
archive of OFAM and BRAN experiments See
also the publications. For access to
BRAN output see http://www.marine.csiro.au/ofam1/ |
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